Fore Palms is a course I get to play during my trips to Jacksonville about 2-3 times per year. Outside of my home course in St. Louis it is definitely the course I am most familiar with in the country. I really enjoy this course.
1. Course Maintenance is always excellent. Many small town courses in Missouri and on my travels are great when new or just before or after a big tournament when they get cleaned up. Otherwise you have to wait until winter to go on expeditions to courses in small town USA. Not Fore Palms. She's always in solid shape. Obviously not in a small town, just pointing out that I always appreciate good course maintenance.
2. Course design. Jax isn't blessed with an abundance of forest where you can stick a disc golf course. If there is such aplace it's usually too swampy. The designers did the best with the woods they have here and found a way to sandwich big scoring separation holes in the woods in the park. Hole 3 with the cart path playing OB can be a round destroyer. I've seen 6's and 7's taken on this hole...not to be outdone by the double trouble of holes 6 and 7 back to back. hit the first gaps and progress over 100ft and it's an easy 3 or better. hit early and ALL you've got is a roller or a pitch out. I even glossed over the "I don't have a forehand so please go straight Hole 5" Hit a tree and kick left early and you'll be lucky to take a 4. Awesome punishing hole design on an otherwise open course.
3. Water. The tiny pond in the park takes many a disc. 9 and 10 require throws directly over to score and both are 275+ feet of control. You can bail out with hyzers on both holes but your upshots will be more difficult than just trying to bombs it over the water.
4.Airing it out. We don't have many parks like this...1 or 2 in all of St. Louis that really let you air it out with control required. There are control bombs required on several holes when you add all the Alternates
5. speaking of the Alternates. This course has a bunch of them. They are all different types of shots and sandwiched in 2 sections of the course so you can add them or not. I always add A,B,C...sometime D,E and F if I have the time.

It's hard to fault a course I love so much and yet I only get to play it every 4-5 months, but here goes.
1. Busy course. Jacksonville is the largest city in the country in terms of it city limits..really. Google it. It's absolutely massive and it takes a long time to get around yet there are really only four courses to play: Fore Palms, New World, Springfield and sometimes Trinity and yet it's population is roughly that of the StL metro area where we have 30-40 courses.
2. Busy Park. it's a theme. Ed Austin Park is well used by the community all the time. There are walkers, cyclists, kids running around, you name it. a walking path weaves through the park and is in play on most of the course.
3. Course design. Not sure what I would change here as you can only work with what you have. some of the holes are just bland. 18 is a boring finishing hole. 4 of the 6 alternate holes are just throws across fields. some tress could be planted and that would help and it would chop up the wind a bit.

I love coming down to play this course. It is just so different from playing at home. You really have to account for the ground play, rollers work really well and yet you also need more control in the woods as they aren't as dense as the Midwest so if you go into them you're guaranteed to be well off of the fairway most times.

I was in Jacksonville on business and after reading a few reviews on courses near my hotel, I decided to check out Fore Palms and I'm glad I did!

The course is settled in a large and well maintained park and all the locals I ran into seemed very friendly. Even though there was a decent amount of foot traffic, pedestrians seemed aware of the game and the sidewalks are relatively easy to avoid throwing towards (worst case you can wait 30 seconds and they're out of the way completely).

I found that the course had a very balanced challenge for a variety of players. It isn't a technical and punishing course by any means but it also isn't a wide open field either. I found myself using a decent variety of shots as most holes have a couple of routes you can shoot for.

Aside from the lake in the middle of the course, errant shots that go into the rough are pretty easy to find and won't annihilate your score on the hole. There's also the A-C and D-F bonus holes which I thought were a pretty cool addition.

Most of the cons I can think of are either nitpicky or of no fault by the course designers.

While I had great weather during my visit, I can see it being pretty brutal in the summer with a lack of shade. It was nice to have benches and bag hangers at almost every hole but some more trash cans would be nice (even though I saw little to no litter on the ground).

The A-C bonus holes were fun (B and C are open bombers) and flowed with the rest of the course but D-F felt like an afterthought and didn't jive very well with the layout as a whole.

Some of the blue tees were only a few feet further back and situated right next to an obstacle which forced you into an odd throw. To me it felt like the course was designed around the red tee pads with the blue being there "just because".

Navigation can be a little wonky and I was lost my first 9 holes until I started playing behind someone to see the direction of the next tees. After one full round, I had no issues navigating but without a little help it can be confusing.

During my visit to Jacksonville, this was the only course I felt like visiting. Sure it may not float everyone's boat do to lack of elevation and lots of ground play but its an overall great course in a nice area which is more than I can say about a lot of places I've played. I was in between a 3.5 and a 4 rating but I feel like its fair to round up a bit for the pros instead of down for the easily overlooked cons.

I will certainly be back the next time I'm in town.

This course is a nice mix-up being a Florida course in that it has some geographical character...mainly some nice elevation change on quite a few holes. The course has a good size pond in the middle of it which is used as a hazard for a couple of holes which adds some suspense to the round. The course layout is well done and really uses every bit of the property it can (even fitting in some bonus holes) There is a nice variety of holes from wide open bombers to some shorter technical to even a few in very dense wooded areas. It is nice that the course is more than just 18 holes (There are several bonus holes which I already mentioned)

The park seems to be a popular spot to come and walk/run, we were there on a Sunday late morning/early afternoon and the place was fairly busy with people everywhere so there were several holes spent waiting to get a clearing to throw. I would have liked to see a restroom here or there throughout the course instead of just one wretched facility near the park's entrance. I am not one to like too many trees but I feel this park could benefit from a few more obstacles on many holes. The lake is a nice obstacle but other than that the course is fairly each to navigate.

This is one of my favorite courses that I've played in Florida mainly because of the variety of hole layout and elevation change, it definately has features that will suit every skill level and I recommend it to anyone looking for a fun round in the Jacksonville area. We drove up from Daytona Beach to play.

Very big with 24 baskets including the A-C and D-F bonus holes. Decent variety of long open holes and short holes in light woods. Plays through very tall pine trees that drop pine needles for the perfect skip shots on several holes. This was a ball golf course once upon a time and that means the land is not board flat but rather has some playful undulations. Park is always free to enter. Long holes with big fairways to let it rip. New bag holders, tee signs & some new longer pin positions. Long and short cement tees are in good shape. Benches on a number of holes and other chill spots along the way help to keep you refreshed through 24 holes.

Restrooms are not close enough to disc golf area. There is a walking path that is close to a number of holes so there may be an occasional wait for safety reasons.

Ample parking and practice basket by first tee. Popular and busy course. Always someone to play with or guide you. Holes 9 and 10 bring a small pond into play but it doesn't add much interest (not pretty) or difficulty (not that long).

Awesome variety of holes, some wide open, some woods, tunnel shot on #5. Course is always clean and maintained. Great feeling of safety with the police presence.

Not enough ace runs. #16 is not a fair par 3, almost 500' having to throw your drive low through a bank of trees. 8 also should be a par 4 when the basket is placed into the woods. This course is definitely for bigger arms.

Well worth travelling to play this course. I would like to see the pars on some holes reconsidered, as they are not fair to the average player.

Great Course, because it has everything for each shot, woods, water, left to right,right to left, short or long. Cement Tees.Trash Bins, Clean.In Great Condition

Getting busy. Weekend afternoons very busy park.

Fun challenging course with a mix of long and medium length holes in a beautiful park setting. Not an easy beginner course, but it does offer alternate tees around the water if your ego can handle the pressure. Fairly intuitive to figure out the course without a map, but tricky to follow when you get near the woods (after hole 5) and the back side (after hole 15) where some of the add-on holes are inserted. More terrain in play than most Florida courses, a few technical holes, and a couple of fun water shots.

A bit crowded two of the three times I played rounds there. The wind can really play with your shots on most of the course. The course favors length over accuracy most of the time. I saw several people searching for lost plastic in the lake.

This was my favorite of the four courses I played in the Jacksonville area. It was fun to see such a big park with lots of family activities and all age groups using it. There wasn't much in the way of scenery, wildlife, or uniqueness, but a fun clean course with a variety of shots required.

Most of this course has a tight groom that feels like a ball golf course. The park is huge and nice and there were a bunch of nice looking ladies jogging when I played, so that's always a bonus.

There's plenty of opportunity to air out some long drives, including some rollers. The course is a little on the long side, but not crazy long.

Two holes are played over the water, so that's another bonus.

There's a stretch of tight, woodsy holes to balance out most of the longer, more open shots.

A few times we had to wait to throw until joggers passed on the path, which hugs a lot of the holes.

The first time we played, we missed the bonus "letter" holes. They were pointed out to us by a friendly local during our second round.

I'd say it's a very nice course and worth a visit by anyone visiting Florida.

1) Nice large trapezoidal concrete tees. I love this as the standard for disc golf! There is a painted strip on the tees to indicate red or blue tee so there is no confusion. Shared tees have both colors indicated.

2) Benches and bag racks available from time to time throughout the course.

3) Nice signage with Hole #, distance, par and hole maps. Always a welcome sight for the travelling disc golfer.

4) Awesome group of league players here. I showed up to meet an old friend from Wisconsin and I was welcomed into the group like I was from the area. I even took two of the 4 CTP's and $18 back . . . granted I paid $13 to play in the league $1 to play, $1 non member, $1 per CTP, $1 for the ace, and $6 for the skins game. I have never paid more than $7 for league and this one cost me $13. I ended up donating the $5 that I actually profited from back to their club because it was such a good time.

5) Great variety on this course for what was originally a short 9 hole executive golf course. The design uses the best of the wooded areas to make for a really great course.

6) There was a unique thing on this course I have never seen anywhere else. There were short little carpet strips short of the teepads. I am not sure if the design was to give you a place to kick the sand off your shoes but they seemed to do a good job of keeping the teepads fairly clean. There were even a few areas where I noticed the same material on the fallaway at the end of the teepad so if you overstep through your drive you can land on that instead of dropping down to the sand/turf.

7) 24 holes out here which is always nice for the travelling disc golfer to get in as much disc golf as possible. The course could be played any number of ways . . . front 9, front 12, back 9, back 12 or play all 24. This probably helps when events and league are going on to allow the casual players to skip ahead of the organized players.

8) There is an excellent variety of holes out here which was not really expected. Sure there are a lot of holes with wider fairways, but they use key trees to their advantage. Then there are some holes that run through the peripheral wooded areas between the old fairways. Then there are a couple of holes that are as tight as I have ever seen.

9) Very beginner friendly course because it is mostly open. The distance my get to some beginners, but what better way than to learn the game than by throwing a lot!

10) There were a lot of shots needed out here. You can throw many holes with a straight or slight hyzer, but there are also a couple of tight anhyzer lines on a couple of holes. There also are quite a few places where a roller might be a beneficial shot to have in the bag. I only threw a couple rollers because I wanted to play safe because it was league and my rollers can have a tendency to get a little wild.

11) Multiple pin placements on many of the holes makes this an even more attractive course allowing for a different layout all the time. Having dual tees is also a benefit because it allows different skill levels to enjoy this course.

12) Water is another feature on this course that comes into play really on 2 holes. It is the same type and length of shot both times, but there is a definite pucker factor. I just played safe and short and left both times and took my pars., but the true risk/reward is there for those that can throw 300'.

13) Surprisingly undulating fairways in a few places out here. Nothing outstanding but most likely the undulations were made when the golf course was constructed.

14) Practice basket available near the first tee and plenty of room to work on some approaches and longer putts too.

15) There is a nice kiosk with a hole map and distances listed on one section. There also is a lot of postings because it seems like there is a really active group of locals. Like I said the league was awesome but I also know there is a glow league out here on Wednesdays. This would be a fun course to play glow disc golf for sure.

1) Distance variation is something I felt like could have been handled better. There is so much room out here that the holes could be varied a whole lot more than they are. This is the type of course that usually frustrates me because most of the holes are just outside my range and I end up with a lot of tap in 3's but for some reason this course didn't feel that way . . . perhaps because there were still a lot of things to make those upshots not feel simple layups everytime.

2) While the variety of the foliage was good, I would like the balance swung a little more towards balance and while this course is most heavily weighted towards the moderately open hole with key trees, I think they maybe could have used a little bit more of the tighter wooded areas to create better balance.

3) Walking path does come into play on a number of holes. I appreciate that the path was probably here before the disc golf as it was probably intended for the golf course . . .but everyone needs to be aware of everyone else. Please be careful and don't risk anyone getting hurt.

4) There was a slightly repetitive feeling on a lot of the holes because they were mostly open with key trees. It wasn't so much in the shot needed but in the look and feel of the holes.

5) A few of the areas off the fairway can get thick . . . the tight wooded holes are ultimately a 1-2 strke punishment if you are off the fairway easily. Then there are a few pockets of unkept palmetto shrubs that will gladly eat up your disc and probably also house some snakes.

6) If only the course could have been altered slightly so that the two water shots were not on back to back holes and the two tightest wooded holes were also not back to back. I'm happy for the diversity but it would be nice if you didn't have those 4 holes in a back to back type setup. Oh well, I'm just nitpicking now.

7) No way of knowing which position the basket is located . . .this is something I would highly appreciate being a travelling player.

8) DGA Mach baskets are hard to find in many places because of the surrounding foliage and dormant turf.

All in all a great experience. I played with the local weekly sunday league and an old friend of mine. I was surprised at how much I enjoyed the course because I typically prefer the tight more technical holes but this course still forced you to pick a shot and execute. They used key trees throughout the course to give you lanes. It was incredibly clean and rewarded good shots. The biggest punishment of bad shots out here would have to be the OB areas and the two tightest holes in the woods. I will be back for sure unless Jacksonville puts in a couple more nice new courses by the time I return to the area.

1) Solid course. Good mix of technical wooded holes, Long Bomb holes, And some challenging water Hazards
2) Bag holders at every hole
3)Benches and Trash cans scattered throughout
4) Course loops back around to the parking lot after 12 holes (1-9 & A-C)
5)Fair to both righties and lefties

1) Hole 9 is a nasty water hole, throw around if you don't have a very strong arm. watched at least 3 discs go into the lake the day i was there.
2) Pedestrians walking through the park...it is a walking path....so i can't complain...but you do have to be aware of them when throwing on a few holes

Drove 3.5 hours to play this course, and wasn't disappointed. Good solid course....and worth the play if youre within an hour or two of here.

Fore Palms is solid course. All of the amenities are there; Every hole has two sets of cement teepads, a tee-specific teesign, and a bench or two. Most holes also have multiple pin placements and carpeted areas in front of and behind the teepad to help out your ankles if you have a long run-up or step off of the pad on your follow through. There is also an informational board next to hole one with a large and detailed course map that includes special course notes (things like O.B. and other course-specific information) and the rules of the game.

The multiple pads means that the course itself caters very well to all skill levels. The shorter red pads are great for newer players and can be great tune-up course for the short game of more advanced players. The longer blue pads add considerable distance to most of the holes. There is also a gold 'layout' that converts the 24 hole standard layout into an 18 hole safari layout, which introduces some longer, true par 4s and 5s. Between the three sets of pads this is a course that is very beginner friendly, and yet continues to provide a challenge to players of higher degrees of skill.

As a Florida course, Fore Palms is mostly flat and has a plenty of palmettos and a few palm trees. The design makes great use of what little elevation there is though, and the standout example of this is hole 8.

What really sets this course apart is the local club. This is essentially the only course in Jacksonville, and so the club is fairly active and unified about the course. The locals really care about maintaining a quality disc golf environment, and this is reflected in the pristine upkeep of the course.

The first tee is hidden in the back of the park and can be hard to locate if you haven't played there before.

I would definitely recommend hitting up the weekly action if you can. It's a really fun atmosphere and the locals are fantastic.

Fore Palms DGC is what I would term a fantastic urban course. I tend to divide the courses I play into natural settings or urban settings, and Fore Palms is definitely the latter. In terms of an urban course you generally have to rank it based on how well the course designer used the land available to him.

At Fore Palms the land was used very well. The flow for the original 18 is fantastic, and even with the two extra sets of 3 holes for a full 24 the flow is very good. The course also manages to take advantage, to at least some extent, of every piece of terrain available - with holes playing through loose groves of trees, thick woods, wide open fields, and over the one water hazard available.

In terms of the shot selection: the long tees can be a challenge, but are very righty forehand or lefty friendly. The short tees on the other hand require a nice variety of shots. Straight, hyzer, forehand, and forced anhyzer are all available. The putting greens also take advantage of what is available with many of them placed amongst the sparse trees available on many of the open holes - forcing at least some putts to be more than just an easy up and down into the chains.

The course also takes great advantage of the bike/walking paths around to create some out of bounds that will alter your shot selection. In many cases it really does give a nice advantage to a player with more shots in his bag, allowing someone with a better forehand to take advantage of playing it over the OB and fading in bounds on some holes, and the person with the better backhand able to do the same on others.

The course also has fantastic teepads, great and accurate signage, and the baskets are all nice. They aren't the most modern models, but they're well taken care of with no visibly damaged targets. Overall the basic course conditions have been nothing but great - I haven't yet seen a downed branch/tree in a fairway, a screwed up tee sign, or a poor teepad. Additionally there is a convenient putting basket set up near the first tee, but out of the way enough to not interfere with any play on the course. On lighter days one can throw back and forth between one's target and the practice green for a solid mid-game tune-up.

There are also some definite downsides to playing Fore Palms. As I said - the long tees are righty forehand or lefty friendly. If you have a strong forehand for a righty or play left handed, you have a very strong advantage over the competition if you can put those shots out into the 350-375 range. For those lacking that range - the long tees could be a drag because it turns into a simple round of safe drive-upshot-drop in.

Additionally - as has been said before here: Although the course designer was given leave to use virtually every inch of space available, hole one was buried in the back corner of the park. If I had not examined the park carefully on the club website's map I probably would have wound up lost my first time out. And I drove into the wrong parking lot at least my first two times out, trying to find my way all the way back there. It isn't a true knock on the course, but working with the parks to get some directional signs is a must.

Finally - the same paved walking/biking paths that create such well placed out-of-bounds hazards, can also be viewed as a negative. The course designer did a great job using what was available, but there are numerous pedestrians on the trails every single day. The course really does bump that public area repeatedly, and it is an absolute necessity to keep an eye on the locations of pedestrians on this course or you will find yourself praying your errant shot (or even some more well placed ones) doesn't hit a pedestrian.

The only negative I can see in the use of the terrain otherwise might be that there are two back-to-back holes playing through the thick woods bordering the course, and then nothing else. Interspersing a few of those alongside (for example) 11 and 12 could help break the course up nicely just as holes 6 and 7 do early in the round.

Overall I gave this course an "Excellent" rating because it really is excellent. I understand that the negatives are strong, and could bump it down a notch - but the overall experience of the course, and the enjoyment I have for playing this style of course, are both high. Fore Palms is a very well designed course, that does what it can to take advantage of the property offered, other than the need to use a little more of those thick woods.

I recommend playing it, and for Jacksonville residents stuck with it as their only 18 hole course - it definitely could be far worse. This is a course that is strong technically, and offers fantastic enjoyability.

Multiple teepads with sometimes multiple basket location can provide much needed variety. The course flows pretty well even with the added "temp" holes and is fairly easy to navigate the first time around. All the teeboxes are level with the ground and have carpet before and after the pad for extra those of us who like to run up off the pad. The last few holes are pretty tough and this is a great aspect to the course.

Not much to complain about besides it can be tough to locate the DGA baskets around the course if they are hidden. Course signs could benefit from marking whether the basket is in either position. Course can be tough to find the first time. Big arms only from the long pads as most of the shots are over 350 feet. This can be a little repetitive.

I played the long pads twice and struggled a couple times to locate the baskets the first time through. With the majority of the holes from the blues being over 350' I found myself just chucking the straight distance driver. No real variety of shots on the long open holes but still fun. Play for par and should shoot well. Would have liked to played the reds but time didn't allow for it.

There is not enough that can be said about the River City Disc Golf Club, the local players, the creator of this course or the support behind the course. This course is loved beyond belief and if you get the privliage to play here, do so, and here is why...

There are two sets of concrete tee pads here, Rec and Pro. There is a vast difference between the two teepads on all holes that challenge all aspects of your game for anyone.

This course plays a little short from the Red pads but very long from the Blue pads.

There are open holes here, tight wooded holes, throwing into and out of gaps, lefty and righty friendley holes here. Two holes with water.

There are a ton of different ways to play this course, play the entire 24 holes, play the orginal 18, play the holes around the parking lot and so forth.

The one and only thing I can think this course needs is NexT signs out here. I will say that if I did not play with locals, then I would have been lost.

This is a great course outside of Jville and is a course that is loved and taken care of. I was there on Saturday and not only can you go play, but the guy who designed the course was there with his DG store on wheels selling discs! WHAT!!!??? Awesome. I e-mailed the club president and he contatced me back. Do yourself a favor and go play Fore Palms, you will not leave dissapointed.

-good variety of holes including two water holes
-well maintained
-great park with good facilities
-18 main holes plus extra holes (6 I think)

-confusing at first, hard to find hole 1

I've had a lot of fun playing here. some open holes, some wooded. beginner friendly.

fun driving course. great feel and veiws of nature. a lot of great people out there. really friendly place to go and meet and play with new people

#16 and #18 should definitely be par 4's. they are the only holes i have never birdied aftermany times out there.

could have maps and stuff, if u need a bathroom look to the tree's. just don't pee on my disc

Lots of holes, 18 permanent and 6 additional. Great open areas in some and tight greens in others. Very nice park with lots of activity. Well kept.

The first tee box was a little difficult to find at first. It could be marked a bit better and have a couple of more kiosks.

Overall a good place to play. I will return to play there when I am in Jacksonville again.

-Good variety of holes. Most are fairly open and tyro-friendly, but there are a few tight shots that will teach the beginner the importance of disc control.
-Well-maintained. Really shows how disc golf is supposed to be, with beginner and pro concrete tees and clear markings on every hole. There's even a "putting green" near the first tee
-Friendly and active locals. I had someone come up to me as I was playing a solo round and introduce themselves and invite me out to play in the bi-weekly tournaments that the RCDGA puts on.
-24 holes. The extras are set up so that if you want to skip them and simply play the standard 18 it's easy to do so without any extra walking, but if you do then you're missing out. The extra holes are especially nice for beginners because with one exception they are very open and offer little chance to get into serious trouble.
-Well-planned layout. The front nine and the back nine both end at the parking lot, which makes it easy to get a short round in if that's what you want. Also, as I already mentioned, the extra holes are set up so that they really do play as extras -- they're there if you want to play them, but if you don't, then you don't have to do any extra walking to skip them.

-There is a pond which comes heavily into play on holes 9 and 10. After losing a couple of discs to the nethery deep, I started skipping these two and will continue to do so until I become more confident in my game.
-Every hole is a par 3. For most holes that's a fair rating, but I personally feel there are a couple of holes that might be more fairly rated as a par 4. #16 is a good example. Even from the beginner tees I've never had a legitimately makeable putt for a par.
-The bi-weekly tournaments are held on Wednesday afternoon and Sunday morning. As a churchgoer this makes it pretty much impossible for me to participate.
-Lack of publicity. If I didn't have a friend who plays, I would probably have lived out my five years in Jacksonville without ever knowing that Ed Austin Park had a disc golf course, and I drive past it twice every day on the way to and from work. A sign out by the main road (if allowed) would probably be a good idea.

This is the only course I've played as of yet, so perhaps this is not the most objective rating. However, I can say that this course is a blast to play, and has set the bar very high for other courses. It's a perfect course on which to introduce someone to the game -- fun, challenging, and yet not so difficult as to be unfair to someone who is just starting out.

Well maintained by local disc golf club, friendly people, you can drink beer if your careful, nice mix of open holes and technical-more narrow and water holes, 24 holes

Gets crowded sometimes and you have to wait to play, decent amount of foot traffic on path through park so be careful not to hit kids, adults and pets.

This is my local course and I love playing it. Hopefully the city of Jax will open up another course in one of its 100's of parks.

This course is huge and very well maintained. There are 24 holes and none of them are repeats. Every hole has two tee pads, two tee locations, two benches and two tee signs. There are open holes with some distance and there are tunnel holes. The course was originally 18 holes but they added 6 holes after hole 6 and hole 15, holes A.B,C,D,E and F.
It used to be a golf course so there are elevation changes that aren't extreme but add some challenge. There is also a lake that comes into play for a couple holes and gives a nice risk/reward factor.
Lastly, there is ample parking and a nice course map to get you started. Course navigation is also not a problem.

It's hot in FLA so I would recommend sun screen and a hat. This course is also very close to the ocean and a large water way so it can be windy as hell, all of the locals have a plethora of over stable drivers, don't forget yours. The bathroom situation also sucks, they are usually locked.

I played here for the first time during the Jacksonville Open, the tournament was set up extremely well and I had a blast. The park is easy to find and fun to play. It was long and some people got a bit tired after 48 holes. I will be making the trip back up to Jacksonville a lot more often to play this course.