I assume you mean Vancouver, BC? It's been a long time since I've been up there, great city but not a whole lot to offer on the disc front. Now if you mean Vancouver, WA, you're right by Portland so that's a whole new story.
As for Seattle, Lakewood and Seatac are the only really noteworthy ones in Seattle "proper" (neither are technically in city limits.) They're both good courses, Seatac is 27 holes and tough, Lakewood is 20 holes, fun and a lot more forgiving. If I'm playing both in a day, I like to play Seatac first and then Lakewood after so I can feel better about myself. Best to play on a weekday, naturally, Lakewood in particular can get really busy on nice summer afternoons.
Within 1-1.5 hours of the city, you have:
Ft. Steilacoom in Tacoma (2 18's, both challenging, 1 course marked well, the other not so much), about an hour south. Some good elevation changes, and a good mix of open and woodsy holes.
Several high quality courses in the Bremerton area, ~1.5 hours driving or ferry. NAD, Kitsap Fairgrounds, and Bud Pell are all very much worth a visit, and within 15-20 minutes of each other. NAD and Bud Pell have 2 sets of tees, all three are mostly woodsy, but Bud Pell has some open areas too. I always recommend visitors drive around to Bremerton to play, and catch the ferry back (cheaper to ride to Seattle than from it). It's especially nice if you can manage to sail right around sunset, it's some pretty spectacular scenery.
About 1.5 hours south is Shelton Springs. Only 1 course, 18 holes, but it's a good one. Woodsy for the most part, flat, and well thought out. A nice feature is that the short and long tees are offset from each other, so shooting from each one gives the hole a unique feel, so it's worthy of playing multiple times.
Best courses in the area, IMO, if you're looking for good challenging golf are: Seatac, Steilacoom NW course, Bud Pell, and Shelton Springs. Problem is that they're not all that close to each other, so it might be hard to hit all in 3 days, but I don't think you'd be disappointed with any.